Puritanism was a loosely organized reform movement originating during the English Reformation of the sixteenth century. The name came from efforts to “purify” the Church of England by those who felt that the Reformation had not yet been completed. Eventually the Puritans went on to attempt purification of the self and society as well. their aim was to  eliminate the influence of catholic doctrine. After James I became king of England in 1603, Puritan leaders asked him to grant several reforms. At the Hampton Court Conference in 1604, however he rejected most of their proposals, which included abolition of bishops. Puritanism, best expressed by William Ames and later by Richard Baxter, gained much popular support early in the 17th century. The government and the church  under Archbishop William Laud, became increasingly repressive, causing many Puritans to emigrate. Those who remained formed a powerful element within the parliamentarian party that defeated Charles I in the English Civil War. After the war the Puritans remained dominant in England until 1660, but they quarreled among themselves Presbyterian dominance gave way to Independent, or congregational, control under Oliver Cromwell and proved even more intolerant than the old hierarchy. The restoration of the monarchy in the 1660 also restored Anglicanism, and the Puritan clergy were expelled from the Church of England under the terms of the Act of Uniformity.  however during the 17th century many Puritans emigrated to the New World, where they sought to found a holy Commonwealth in New England.